Sanctuarul de la Kaaba
Cuprins
1 Istoric
2 Influenţe şi stiluri
2.1 Arhitectura persană
2.2 Arhitectura maură
2.3 Arhitectura turkestană
2.4 Arhitectura fatimidă
2.5 Arhitectura mamelukă
2.6 Arhitectura indo-islamică
2.7 Arhitectura chino-islamică
2.8 Arhitectura sub-sahariană
3 Epoca contemporană
4 Forme şi stiluri
4.1 Forme
4.2 Iwan[1]
4.3 Sahn[2]
4.4 Grădini
4.5 Decoraţii
4.5.1 Caligrafii
4.5.2 Arabescuri
4.5.3 Motive vegetale
5 Note
6 Legături externe
Istoric
În 630 d.Hr., armata lui Mahomed recucereşte Mecca. Sanctuarul de la Kaaba este reconstruit spre a servi confesiunii islamice şi devine unul din monumentele celebre ale arhitecturii islamice.
Imperiul islamic începe să se extindă în perioada ce a urmat morţii lui Mahomed (632). Sunt cucerite pe rând: Iranul, Egiptul, Africa de Nord, Peninsula Iberică, India şi Indonezia. În 792, Baghdadul devine capitala culturală a imperiului.
În toate regiunile cucerite, islamicii au ridicat moschei. Ca model a fost luată casa profetului.
Influenţe şi stiluri
Cupola Stâncii din Ierusalim, cea mai veche construcţie islamică funcţională din lume
Stilul arhitectural islamic a apărut încă din vremea lui Mahomed, dezvoltându-se din cel egiptean, bizantin şi persan. Un prim exemplu îl constituie Cupola Stâncii din Ierusalim, monument construit între 687 şi 691.
Fișier:Syria - Damascus - Ummayed Mosque Overview.jpg
Moscheea Omeiazilor, una dintre cele mai vechi moschei din lume, aflată acum în Patrimoniul mondial UNESCO
Arhitectura persană
Moscheea Sheikh Lotf Allah din Isfahan
Moscheea Şahului din Isfahan
Prin secolul al VII-lea, arhitectii musulmani încep să accepte şi să preia o parte din trăsăturile stilului Imperiului Persan: stâlpi ornamentaţi cu benzi de cărămidă, arcade vaste care, ca şi arcele, sunt susţinute de stâlpi.
Arhitectura maură
Debutul arhitecturii islamice în zona iberică şi sud-africană este marcat în 785 prin construcţia marii moschei din Cordoba.
Arhitectura turkestană
Mausoleul Konye-Urgench din Turkmenistan
Turkistan (Timurid) architecture Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of Islamic art in Central Asia. The style is largely derived from Persian architecture. Double domes of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfuse with brilliant colors.
Arhitectura fatimidă
Arhitectura mamelukă
Arhitectura indo-islamică
Mausoleul Taj Mahal, una dintre cele mai celebre clădiri din lume
Arhitectura chino-islamică
Moscheea Niujie din China, cea mai veche moschee din Beijing
Arhitectura sub-sahariană
Moscheea din Djenné, Mali
Epoca contemporană
Forme şi stiluri
Detalii din interiorul moscheii Sheikh Lotf Allah din Isfahan
Forme
Iwan[1]
Sahn[2]
Grădini
Decoraţii
Caligrafii
Caligrafie arabă pe Taj Mahal
Arabescuri
Arabescuri pe Alhambra
Motive vegetale
Elemente florale pe Taj Mahal
Note
^ Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
^ Dictionary of Islamic Architecture
Legături externe
en HistoryForKids.org
en IslamicArt.com
en Islamic-Architecture.info
en GreatBuildings.com
en Thais.it
en Mosques Around the World
en Hayam Al-Sayyed, A Tour of Architecture in Islamic Cities
ro [1]
Ottoman Turkish architecture
The most numerous and largest of mosques exist in Turkey, which obtained influence from Byzantine, Persian and Syrian-Arab designs. Turkish architects implemented their own style of cupola domes The Ottomans mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious architecture which until then consisted of simple buildings with extensive decorations, was transformed by the Ottomans through a dynamic architectural vocabulary of vaults, domes, semidomes and columns. Ortaköy mosque, Istanbul Dolmabahce Palace, one of the main palace gates Interior of Sultanahmet Mosque, Istanbul. Hagia Sophia
Indo-Islamic (Mughal) architecture
The most famous example of Mughal architecture is the Taj Mahal, the "teardrop on eternity," completed in 1648 by emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. The extensive use of precious and semiprecious stones as inlay and the vast quantity of white marble
Shalimar Gardens (Lahore, Pakistan) Taj Mahal in Agra
Sino-Islamic architecture established in the 7th century during the Tang Dynasty in Xi'an Chinese mosques: § western China - minarets and domes § eastern China - look like pagodas (Buddhist style roofs) emphasis on symmetry, which connotes a sense of grandeur Chinese Islamic architecture reflects the local architecture in its style Use of red or gray bricks and/or wood The roof of a typical Chinese building is curved; there are strict classifications of gable types, comparable with the classical orders of European columns. The Great Mosque of Xi'an, China Sub-Saharan African Islamic architecture The Great Mosque of Djenné is the largest mud brick or adobe building in the world.
9 TYPES OF ARCHES COMMONLY SEEN IN ISLAMIC BUILDINGS Ogee Arch Pointed Arch Pointed Horseshoe Arch Horseshoe Arch Tudor Arch Multifoil Arch Moorish Multifoil Trefoil Arches -Rounded Trefoil Arch -Pointed Trefoil Arch
Iwan / Ivan – open pointed vault facing a court Bab – Gateway Sahn – courtyard of a Mosque Minaret/Alminar – a tower where call to prayer is made by the muencin/almuencin Harem – women’s quarters Selamlik – men’s palace Han/Caravanserai – hostel or the main palace
Mihrab – a niche oriented towards Mecca; a recessed wall, semi-circular in plan
Ablution Fountain - Fountain that Muslims use to wash and symbolically purify certain parts of their bodies before entering the prayer hall. Maqsura- An enclosure in a mosque which includes the praying niche, made usually of an openwork screen; originally meant for the sultan during public Haram - "sanctuary" or "holy site"
Persian Influence Arts such as calligraphy, stucco work, mirror work, and mosaic work, became closely tied with architecture in Iran The Shah Mosque in Isfahan, Iran optimal use of techniques for regulating light, temperature, and heat by usage of appropriate design and materials large arcades and arches each supported by several pillars Grand Bazaar of Tabriz Khalvat-e Karimkhani was a spot designed for quiet reflection inside the Golestan Palace
Moorish Inlfuence The Alhambra (the complete form of which was Calat Alhambra "the red fortress"), is a palace and fortress complex of the Moorish rulers of Granada in southern Spain The mosque is noted for its striking interior arches. The walls are decorated with stylized foliage motifs, Arabic inscriptions, and arabesque design work, with walls covered in glazed tile.
Turkistan (Timurid) Influence Registan is the ensemble of three madrasahs, in Samarkand, modern day Uzbekistan. The Gur-e Amir is the mausoleum of the Asian conqueror Tamerlane (also known as Timur) in Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan). It occupies an important place in the history of Islamic Architecture as the precursor and model for later great Mughal architecture tombs.
Ottoman Turkish architecture The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul The Sultan Ahmed Mosque is a historical mosque in Istanbul. The mosque is popularly known as the Blue Mosque for the blue tiles adorning the walls of its interior. Comprises a tomb of the founder, a madrasah and a hospice.
Selimiye Mosque This grand mosque stands at the center of a complex of a hospital, school, library and/or baths around a mosque which comprises a madrasah, Al-Hadith school, a timekeeper's room and a row of shops.
Indo-Islamic (Mughal) architecture Shalimar Gardens (Lahore, Pakistan) The Badshahi Masjid Taj Mahal in Agra
Shalamar Gardens Shalamar Gardens, is a Persian garden and it was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Lahore, modern day Pakistan. Construction began in 1641 A.D. (1051 A.H.) and was completed the following year.
The Badshahi Mosque or the 'Emperor's Mosque', in Lahore is the second largest mosque in Pakistan and South Asia and the fifth largest mosque in the world. Epitome of the beauty, passion and grandeur of the Mughal era. Capable of accommodating 10,000 worshippers in its main prayer hall and 100,000 in its courtyard and porticoes, it remained the largest mosque in the world from 1673 to 1986 The Taj Mahal a mausoleum located in Agra, India, built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.“ white domed marble
Sino-Islamic architecture
Niujie Mosque Niujie Mosque also known as Cow Street Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing, China. The local Muslim community was forbidden from constructing the mosque in a style other than traditional Chinese architecture, with the exception that the use of Arabic calligraphy was allowed. Sub-Saharan African Islamic architecture The walls of the Great Mosque are made of sun-baked mud bricks (called ferey), a mud based mortar, and are coated with a mud plaster which gives the building its smooth, sculpted look. Bundles of deleb palm wood embedded in the walls of the Great Mosque are used for decoration and serve as scaffolding for annual repairs. Contemporary architecture The Burj Dubai's design is derived from an abstracted version of the desert flower hymenocallis which is native to the Dubai region.
is the tallest man-made structure ever built, at 818 m (2,684 ft). Construction began on 21 September 2004, and the tower is expected to be completed and ready for occupancy on 4 January 2010. Burj Mubarak al Kabir, Kuwait Madinat al-Hareer (meaning "City of Silk"), is a proposed 250 square kilometer planned urban area in Subiya, Kuwait Includes an Olympic Stadia, residences, hotels and retail facilities, large business center, conference areas, environmental areas, athletic areas, and areas that concentrate on media, health, education, and industry. Up to 700,000 people could be housed in the city complex The Faisal Mosque
